Bange M, Helmich RCG, Wagle Shukla AA, Deuschl G, Muthuraman M.

NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 2025 Apr 5; 11(1): 68. doi: 10.1038/s41531-025-00908-1. PMID: 40185733.

Review article

Abstract

Despite its potential to modulate brain and network activity, non-invasive brain stimulation is not yet clinically applied for treating Parkinson’s disease. We here review recent findings that illustrate how various non-invasive stimulation techniques can modify pathological and compensatory activities. Due to unavoidable heterogeneities and low effect sizes of the reviewed studies, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of action will be critical for refining clinical effectiveness and generating consistent results.