Hofsähs T, Pille M, Kern L, Negi A, Meier JM*, Ritter P*. * equal contribution.
Imaging Neurosci (Camb). 2026 Mar 3; 4: IMAG.a.1147. doi: 10.1162/IMAG.a.1147. PMID: 41799679; PMCID: PMC12961309.
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation evoked potentials (TEPs) show promise as a biomarker in major depressive disorder (MDD), but the origin of the increased TEP amplitude in these patients remains unclear. Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) may be involved, as TEP peak amplitude is known to increase with GABAergic activity in healthy controls. We employed a computational modeling approach to investigate this phenomenon. Whole-brain simulations in ‘The Virtual Brain’ (thevirtualbrain.org), employing the Jansen and Rit neural mass model, were optimized to simulate TEPs of healthy individuals ( = 20, 14 females, 24.5 ± 4.9 years). To mimic MDD-like impaired inhibition, a GABAergic deficit was introduced to the simulations by altering one of two selected inhibitory parameters, the inhibitory synaptic decay rate or the number of inhibitory synapses . The TEP amplitude was quantified and compared for all simulations. The inhibitory synaptic decay rate showed a quadratic correlation (r = 0.99, p < 0.001) and the number of inhibitory synapses a negative exponential correlation (r = 0.99, p < 0.001) with the TEP amplitude. Moreover, significant correlations between these simulation-derived values and all TEP peaks and troughs were detected (p < 0.001). Thus, under local parameter changes, we were able to alter the TEP amplitude toward pathological levels, that is, creating an MDD-like increase of the global mean field amplitude in line with empirical results. Our model suggests specific GABAergic deficits as the cause of increased TEP amplitude in MDD patients, which may serve as therapeutic targets. This work highlights the potential of whole-brain simulations in the investigation of neuropsychiatric diseases.
